For many premeds, physics is one of the most intimidating parts of MCAT prep (it sure was for me). The good news is you do not need to master every detail of physics to succeed. After all, the exam is not testing whether you would survive as a physics major. It is testing whether you can apply a handful of fundamental principles to biological and chemical systems, which becomes very important later in medical school and clinically. 

After tutoring and teaching the MCAT, I have noticed the same MCAT physics topics appear again and again. Below is a ranked list of the highest-yield physics topics for the MCAT, from most essential to less frequent but still worth reviewing, so you know where to focus your time.

MCAT Physics Topics You Need To Know

Fluids (Very High Yield)

Fluids show up constantly because they tie directly to physiology. You should know Bernoulli’s principle (energy conservation in fluids), Pascal’s principle (applied pressure transmits equally), and Archimedes’ principle (buoyancy).

Applications:

• Blood flow and pressure differences
• Breathing and alveolar pressure
• IV fluids and pressure dynamics

Tip: Think physiologically. Instead of picturing boats floating, picture blood in arteries or air in the lungs. This is how these topics are likely to show up on the MCAT. Also, focus on relationships in the equations; while you might need to do a calculation, understanding the concepts is high yield.

Circuits and Electricity (Very High Yield)

Circuits overlap with chemistry (electrochemistry, nerve conduction, ion channels) and are frequently tested. Make sure you know Ohm’s law (V = IR), resistors and capacitors in series or parallel, and circuit power.

Applications:

• Ion channels modeled as resistors
• Defibrillators discharging energy
• Current distribution in parallel vs. series

Tip: Always draw and simplify circuits. A messy MCAT physics passage often reduces to a straightforward series or parallel problem, whether they are talking about the circulatory system or a true electrical circuit. 

Work, Energy, and Power (High Yield)

Conservation of energy is a favorite because it simplifies problems. Instead of grinding through kinematics, you can often solve with energy principles.

Applications:

• Heart pumping blood = power output
• Roller coasters or pendulums for conservation of energy
• Metabolism questions framed in terms of energy transfer

Tip: Keep units straight—joules for work and watts for power. Dimensional analysis can save you if you forget an equation!

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

Kinematics and Forces (High Yield)

You will not be asked to derive projectile motion, but you do need a strong grasp of the basics: velocity, acceleration, Newton’s laws, and free-body diagrams.

Applications:

• Muscles and bones as levers with forces applied
• Free-fall or inclined-plane scenarios
• Tension and friction in real systems

Tip: For the MCAT physics section, focus less on memorizing every equation and more on understanding relationships, like force causing acceleration or constant acceleration near Earth’s surface.

Waves and Sound (Moderately High Yield)

Sound connects directly to physiology (the ear) and medical devices (Doppler ultrasound). Expect frequency, wavelength, resonance, and the Doppler effect.

Applications:

• Hearing and the ear canal modeled as a pipe
• Doppler shifts in blood flow
• Sound speed in different media

Tip: Remember, approaching = higher frequency. Receding = lower frequency. These simple principles can go far on the MCAT!

Light and Optics (Moderately High Yield)

Optics questions are less frequent than fluids or circuits, but they are very relevant to medicine. You should know Snell’s law, converging and diverging lenses, mirrors, and the thin lens equation.

Applications:

• Cornea and lens focusing light on the retina
• Corrective lenses (myopia vs. hyperopia)
• Microscopes and magnification

Tip: You do not need to memorize every sign convention! Qualitative reasoning, such as upright vs. inverted or real vs. virtual, is often enough to narrow down the answers.

Thermodynamics and Gases (Moderate Yield)

Gas laws (PV = nRT, Boyle’s, Charles’s) and thermodynamics concepts show up in physiology contexts. They overlap heavily with general chemistry.

Applications:

• Breathing mechanics (inhalation = volume increases, pressure decreases)
• Gas exchange in alveoli
• Heat transfer in biological systems

Tip: Visualize lungs or syringes rather than abstract numbers.

Magnetism (Lower Yield)

Magnetism is less frequent but still worth knowing, especially because of its medical applications (MRI, moving charges in fields).

Applications:

• Right-hand rule for current and fields
• Lorentz force on ions
• MRI machine basics

Tip: Magnetic forces act perpendicular to both velocity and the magnetic field. Direction is often the key test point. 

Putting It All Together: Study Priorities for MCAT Physics

If you are pressed for time, here is how to prioritize MCAT physics topics:

1. Fluids and Circuits: Most common and highly testable in biological contexts
2. Work, Energy, Power, and Kinematics/Forces: Core mechanics that apply across systems
3. Waves/Sound and Light/Optics: Moderate frequency, often tied to physiology or medical devices
4. Thermodynamics/Gases: Medium yield with strong chemistry overlap
5. Magnetism: Lowest frequency, but know the basics for MRI and moving charges

How to Study These Topics Efficiently

• Focus on concepts first, math second. The MCAT emphasizes reasoning more than calculation.
• Connect every principle to physiology. Fluids = blood flow, optics = eyes, electricity = nerves.
• Practice with passages. Standalone physics problems are rare. Expect integration with biology or chemistry.
• Avoid spending time on low-yield areas. Advanced circuits or rotational dynamics almost never appear.

Final Takeaway

Physics does not have to be the section you dread! Once you realize the MCAT is more about applying a small set of ideas than memorizing every formula, it becomes much more manageable. If you master the high-yield areas, including fluids, circuits, energy, forces, and their biological applications, you will already be ahead of the game. The rest fills in the gaps.

You do not need to think like a physicist to succeed on the MCAT. You just need to see how physics principles apply to the human body. Start with the basics, and build up your knowledge base. And always practice with MCAT-style questions!

Conquering the MCAT may seem daunting, but you don’t have to face it alone! Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 support of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style! With resources such as a powerful AI-powered MCAT QBank, representative full-length practice exams, and more, you’ll get all the practice you need to reach your goal score.

Blueprint MCAT is here to provide the support and flexibility you need to reach your score goals. Start your journey today by creating a free Blueprint MCAT account.

Further Reading

The Complete List of High-Yield MCAT Topics: Maximize your MCAT prep by zeroing in on high-yield topics.

Essential MCAT Equations To Memorize: Check out the key MCAT equations you’ll want to memorize to prepare for test day!

Data interpretation and graph analysis are critical skills for excelling on standardized tests like the MCAT, where understanding trends, extracting key information, and drawing logical conclusions can significantly impact your score. These skills are especially crucial in sections that assess scientific reasoning and critical thinking, such as the Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems and the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems. Here are some strategies to help you confidently approach data interpretation and graph analysis questions.

Data Interpretation and Graph Analysis Tips for MCAT Questions

1. Understand the Graph’s Structure

Before jumping into MCAT questions, take a moment to analyze the graph’s structure. Identify the following:

• Axes Labels. Determine what the x-axis and y-axis represent, including units of measurement.
• Title and Legend. These provide critical context about the data being presented.
• Scale. Note whether the graph uses a linear or logarithmic scale, as this affects how you interpret changes in the data.
• Trends and Patterns. Identify general trends such as increases, decreases, or fluctuations over time or across categories.

Understanding these elements upfront will help you answer questions efficiently and accurately.

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

2. Identify Key Data Points

When conducting graph analysis, focus on specific points of interest:

• Maxima and Minima. Peaks and valleys in the data can indicate significant events or thresholds.
• Intersection Points. Where two lines or trends meet might signify important relationships.
• Steep Slopes or Gradual Changes. A steep increase or decrease suggests rapid change, while a gradual slope indicates stability.
• Anomalies. Outliers or deviations from expected patterns might be emphasized in test questions.

Spotting these key data points can help you anticipate the types of questions that might be asked.

3. Relate the Graph to the Passage or Experiment

Graphs are often presented alongside an MCAT passage describing an experiment, study, or process. Before making assumptions, connect the data to the passage’s context:

• What hypothesis or question was being tested?
• How were the variables manipulated?
• What conclusions did the study reach?

By linking the graph to the broader context, you can better infer relationships between variables and avoid misinterpretation.

Further Reading

🧬 Strategies For Difficult MCAT Passages: Biological and Biochemical Foundations

🖥️ Navigating the Interdisciplinary Nature of MCAT Passages

4. Use the Process of Elimination

If you’re unsure about an answer, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices:

• Eliminate Extremes. If an answer choice contradicts an obvious trend in the data, it’s likely incorrect.
• Check for Misleading Trends. Some answer choices may incorrectly describe the trend in the graph (e.g., stating an increase when the data shows a decrease).
• Watch for Trick Options. Some answer choices may use correct numbers but misrepresent relationships between variables.

Eliminating incorrect answers first can improve your chances of selecting the correct one, even if you’re uncertain.

5. Practice Estimation and Approximation

On MCAT test day, you won’t always have time for precise calculations. Train yourself to approximate values from graphs efficiently:

• Use reference points on the axes to estimate intermediate values.
• Round numbers strategically to simplify calculations.
• Compare relative sizes of trends instead of fixating on exact figures.

Developing estimation skills will help you answer MCAT questions faster and reduce unnecessary computation errors.

6. Recognize Common Graph Types and Trends

Familiarity with different types of graphs and their typical interpretations can give you an edge. Common graph types include:

• Line Graphs: Used to show trends over time.
• Bar Graphs: Best for comparing discrete categories.
• Scatter Plots: Show relationships between two variables, often with a trend line.
• Histograms: Represent frequency distributions.
• Logarithmic Graphs: Indicate exponential growth or decay.

Understanding the purpose of these graphs allows you to predict the types of insights they provide.

7. Stay Calm and Avoid Overthinking

It’s easy to get overwhelmed by complex graphs, especially under time pressure. Keep these mental strategies in mind:

• Break It Down. Focus on one section of the graph at a time.
• Use Annotations. Jot down notes on your wet-erase pad or highlight important trends to help organize your thoughts.
• Trust the Data. Base your answers on the actual graph, not assumptions or prior knowledge.

Confidence and a systematic approach can prevent errors caused by overanalysis or second-guessing.

8. Practice, Practice, Practice!

The best way to improve your data interpretation skills is through consistent practice. Use:

• MCAT practice tests with graph-based questions.
• Scientific articles with real-world data.
• Timed drills to simulate test conditions.

By regularly working with graphs, you’ll become more comfortable identifying patterns and extracting key information quickly.

Final Thoughts

Mastering data interpretation and graph analysis is a game-changer for MCAT success. By learning to dissect graphs efficiently, recognizing trends, and applying logical reasoning, you’ll develop the confidence needed to tackle even the most challenging questions. Keep practicing, stay methodical, and trust your analytical skills—you’ve got this! 

Want to further enhance your graph analysis and data interpretation skills and overall MCAT performance? Our experts are here to help! Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Get started with a free MCAT diagnostic, one free practice exam, and tons more MCAT prep resources.

When it comes to physics on the MCAT, optics is highly testable but can be challenging to understand. The good news is that it is not the most overwhelming topic in terms of the amount of content you need to learn. In this guide, we’ll break down the most high-yield MCAT optics concepts you’ll need to master. We’ll cover everything from refraction and reflection to lenses and mirrors to help you feel confident as you prep for test day.

Table of Contents

• Why Optics Matters for the MCAT
• High-Yield MCAT Optics Concepts
  • The Nature of Light: Wave-Particle Duality
  • Reflection and Refraction: How Light Bends and Bounces
    • Reflection
    • Refraction
  • Lenses and Mirrors: Understanding Image Formation
    • Mirrors
    • Lenses
  • Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
  • Diffraction and Interference 
• Final Thoughts

Why Optics Matters for the MCAT

First off, we should probably define what optics is. Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of light—how it moves, bends, and interacts with different surfaces.

These principles have far-reaching applications in biology, medicine, and technology. Whether it’s the physics of how an eye focuses light or how a microscope works, understanding optics gives you insight into the underlying science of many real-world systems. It is also important to retain these concepts for later in your medical career.

On the MCAT, optics questions often appear in passages related to vision or medical imaging. With the right approach, you can handle these topics efficiently, and might even see a boost in your MCAT score.

High-Yield MCAT Optics Concepts

1. The Nature of Light: Wave-Particle Duality

Before diving into mirrors and lenses, it’s important to grasp the basic properties of light. Light has a wave-particle duality, which is a fancy way to say it has properties of both waves and particles. This means light can travel in waves (useful when thinking about interference and diffraction which we will chat more about). However, it can also be considered a stream of photons, which helps explain things like the photoelectric effect. For the MCAT, you’ll mostly focus on the wave nature of light in the context of optics.

Some important characteristics of light as a wave include:

• Wavelength (λ): the distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave.
• Frequency (f): how often the wave peaks pass a point in space.
• Speed of light (c): in a vacuum, light travels at 3.0×10⁸ m/s, and the equation 𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓 connects these concepts.

MCAT Tip: You’ll rarely need to calculate using these properties on the test, but they may be tested conceptually. So know the indirect and direct relationships!

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

2. Reflection and Refraction: How Light Bends and Bounces

Two core principles of optics are reflection and refraction. These terms describe what happens when light encounters different surfaces or mediums.

Reflection

Reflection happens when light bounces off a surface. The angle of incidence (the angle at which light hits a surface) equals the angle of reflection (the angle at which light leaves). This is known as the Law of Reflection. You see this most clearly with mirrors, which we’ll cover in detail below.

Refraction

Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another—think air to water—and changes direction. The degree to which light bends depends on the refractive index (n) of the two materials. This is given by Snell’s Law: 𝑛₁ sin 𝜃₁ = 𝑛₂ sin 𝜃₂

Here, 𝜃₁ and 𝜃₂ are the angles of incidence and refraction, and 𝑛₁ and 𝑛₂ are the refractive indices of the two materials. Air has a refractive index of about 1, while water has one of 1.33.

That difference causes light to bend when it moves from air to water, making things look “off” when you see them through the surface of a pool.

MCAT Tip: Snell’s Law is a favorite for MCAT physics questions, so make sure you can use it to calculate angles or understand how changing materials affect the light path.

3. Lenses and Mirrors: Understanding Image Formation

The heart of MCAT optics lies in how light interacts with mirrors and lenses, forming images that may be real or virtual, inverted or upright, magnified or reduced.

Mirrors

Mirrors come in two flavors: plane (flat) and curved.

• Plane Mirrors: These are your standard mirrors at home. They form upright, virtual images that are the same size as the object.
• Curved Mirrors: These include concave (converging) and convex (diverging) mirrors. Concave mirrors focus light and can produce real, inverted images if the object is outside the focal point. Convex mirrors spread light out, producing virtual, upright, and smaller images.

To keep it straight, remember these key terms:

• Real Image: Formed where light rays actually converge. Always inverted.
• Virtual Image: Formed where light rays appear to diverge from. Always upright.

Lenses

Like mirrors, lenses are either converging (convex) or diverging (concave). However, lenses differ in that they work by refracting light, rather than reflecting it.

Convex (Converging) Lenses: These focus light to a point and can form either real or virtual images depending on the object’s distance from the lens.

Concave (Diverging) Lenses: These spread light out and always form virtual, upright images that are smaller than the object.

To solve problems involving lenses and mirrors, use the thin lens equation, which applies to both types of optical systems: 1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i where f is the focal length, d_o is the object distance (from the lens or mirror), and d_i is the image distance (from the lens or mirror). 

Also, magnification is given by: M = – d_i/d_o where a positive magnification means the image is upright, while a negative one means it’s inverted.

MCAT Tip: Focus on identifying the type of image (real/virtual, inverted/upright) and whether the image is magnified or reduced. Questions often provide you with the necessary information to plug into the thin lens equation or magnification formula.

4. Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle

Another interesting MCAT optics concept to grasp is total internal reflection. This occurs when light tries to move from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index, but instead of refracting, it reflects entirely within the first medium. This happens at the critical angle, which can be calculated using Snell’s Law when the refracted angle equals 90 degrees.

MCAT Tip: Total internal reflection is essential for fiber optic technology such as endoscopes used by surgeons, something that might come up in a passage about modern medical devices.

5. Diffraction and Interference

While less commonly tested than lenses and mirrors, understanding diffraction and interference is helpful for certain experimental setups, like the double-slit experiment. These concepts explore how light waves overlap, creating patterns of constructive and destructive interference.

MCAT Tip: Be prepared for qualitative questions about these phenomena, such as identifying the conditions that lead to constructive (bright spots) or destructive (dark spots) interference.

Final Thoughts

MCAT optics concepts will likely come up on test day, but you don’t need to panic. With a solid understanding of the basics, you’ll be able to handle even the most complex problems.

If you need more help with optics or any other MCAT topics, our experts are here to help! Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Get started with a free MCAT diagnostic, one free practice exam, and tons more MCAT prep resources.

Further Reading

📝 The Complete List of High-Yield MCAT Topics

🧠 Essential MCAT Equations To Memorize

💪 From Tricks to Treats: Mastering the Scariest MCAT Concepts

As the leaves turn golden and the nights grow longer, a chill runs down the spine of every MCAT student. No, it’s not the ghostly whisper of Halloween creeping closer. It’s the daunting list of MCAT topics that haunt their dreams, and the constant thought of “Is the MCAT hard?” knocking at their mental doors.

This formidable test, with its complex topics lurking in shadowy corners, can seem like a spooky crypt filled with the unknown. But it’s not all doom and gloom! Each of these mysterious subjects holds the key to a great MCAT score when approached with the right mix of preparation and strategy. 

So, in the spirit of Halloween, let’s don our academic capes and embark on a journey to unmask these intimidating topics, transforming them from frightful phantoms into familiar friends. 

Mastering the Hardest (and Scariest) Sections of the MCAT

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

1. The Phantom of Physics

For many, physics is the ghost in the attic, whispering terrifying equations in the night. Electrostatics and magnetism, kinematics, and fluid dynamics, oh my! With their invisible forces and perplexing problems, physics often tops the list of dreaded MCAT topics. But fear not! These concepts are not as ghastly as they seem. 

Picture yourself as a brave traveler entering the haunted mansion of MCAT physics. The air is thick with mystery, and each room holds a new spectral challenge. Your first task is to lay a solid foundation, grasping the basics of forces, energy, and motion. These are the keys to unlocking the mansion’s secrets, your lantern to light the way.

As you wander deeper, ghostly guides in the form of visual aids—diagrams and charts—appear to help you see the invisible. They illuminate the eerie corridors of electric fields and wave behaviors, making the abstract tangible. 

In the heart of this haunted house, problem-solving becomes your ritual. Each hard MCAT question is like a ghostly riddle, inviting you to unravel its secrets through practice.

Equations serve as your magical spells, crucial for banishing the phantoms of confusion. Memorize them, but also understand their origins, invoking deeper understanding.

Flashcards are your talismans, perfect for quick incantations on the go, keeping vital formulas close at hand. A well-crafted study schedule is your map, guiding you through the haunted halls with consistency, keeping the panic at bay.

Through it all, maintain a spirit of positivity and perseverance. The MCAT is hard, but with each specter you conquer, confidence grows. You are not just overcoming the MCAT—you’re transforming into a master of physics, ready to face whatever ghastly challenges lie ahead. 

2. The Ominous Organics

As the clock strikes midnight, you find yourself standing at the gates of the eerie realm of MCAT organic chemistry, a place where molecular mysteries lurk in every shadow. 

Start your adventure by conjuring the spirits of our reaction mechanisms. Memorize their spectral forms. What is this mysterious, SN1, SN2, E1, and E2? How do they interact with the land of the living? To get these menacing mechanisms on your side, you must truly understand them. Study the arcane ‘why’ and ‘how’ of chemical reactions. This enchanted understanding is your lantern, illuminating the dark corners of the chemistry dungeon.

Next, we need to unravel the perplexing language of functional groups. Imagine yourself as deciphering ancient texts and spells. This otherworldly language is essential to unlocking the mysteries of organic transformations. Use visual illusions to bring these concepts to life. As you navigate this enchanted world, tackle synthesis problems like solving cryptic puzzles, each piece fitting perfectly into the grand design. 

3. The Biochemical Beast

As the moon rises high and the shadows lengthen, you find yourself at the threshold of a chilling new adventure—mastering the beast of biochemistry for the MCAT. This fearsome creature, with its twisting metabolic pathways and enigmatic molecular spells, awaits your courage and cunning to tame it.

Begin your eerie quest by learning the cryptic language of this biochemical beast. Words like amino acids and metabolic pathways unlock the magic within. Understanding them is like deciphering the runes on an ancient, haunted map.

Next, visualize the labyrinthine pathways of metabolism as if navigating a haunted forest at midnight. Each twist and turn of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle is a path through the fog, leading you closer to the heart of the beast. Use diagrams and flowcharts as your lanterns, illuminating the paths that might otherwise be shrouded in mystery.

Further Reading

📸 A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Intermediates: How to Optimize Studying Biochemistry

💪 Everything You Need To Know about Amino Acids for the MCAT

🧠 What Do You Actually Need to Know for Biochemical Pathways on the MCAT?

4. The Creepy Crawl of CARS

As you leave the biochemistry beast behind, you must prepare for the creeping shadow of the CARS section, a realm both feared and revered for its challenging passages and demand for high-level critical thinking. Yet, with the right strategies, you can illuminate this shadowy path and stride confidently toward mastery.

Engage actively with each text you encounter, treating every paragraph as a puzzle piece in a grand narrative. Summarize each section in your own words, distilling the essence of the author’s message. This practice sharpens your ability to discern the core of complex arguments, turning the once-daunting texts into familiar terrain.

Predicting the author’s next argument is another powerful tool in your arsenal. As you read, pause to consider the logical progression of ideas and anticipate where the narrative might lead. This foresight fosters a deeper connection with the text, enhancing your critical thinking skills and preparing you to tackle even the most enigmatic passages with confidence.

Regular practice with CARS passages is essential to demystifying this section. Approach each practice passage as an opportunity to apply your reading skills, analyzing the structure and flow of arguments. As you work through these exercises, you’ll transform initial uncertainties into a clear understanding of the test’s demands.

Transitioning from fear to mastery of the CARS section is a gradual process, but with consistency and the right approach, you’ll navigate this shadowy realm with ease. 

Further Reading

🚙 Download a Free CARS Strategy Guide

📖 The Ultimate Guide to CARS Question Categories and Skills

💙 Meet Blue, the First AI MCAT Tutor for CARS

Conquering the MCAT Crypt

The MCAT is hard, and it’s very much like a haunted house—filled with unexpected twists, turns, and the occasional scare. However, every bump in the night can be overcome with preparation, perseverance, and practice. So, you journey through this spooky exam, embrace the challenges, face your fears head-on, and transform those terrifying topics into triumphs. 

But remember, you don’t have to go through this journey alone! Our experts are here to help you conquer every MCAT obstacle you might encounter. Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Get started with a free MCAT diagnostic, one free practice exam, and tons more MCAT prep resources.

When it comes to the MCAT Chem/Phys and Bio/Biochem sections, it is essential to understand MCAT lab techniques and how they may appear in passages or questions. Of these, separation techniques are high-yield and important to be familiar with. They allow scientists to isolate, identify, and analyze compounds in complex mixtures.

These techniques are rooted in principles of chemistry and physics. Having a strong understanding of them can give you an edge on the test. In this blog, we’ll cover the most commonly tested MCAT lab separation techniques you may encounter on test day, including:

• Chromatography (Thin-Layer, Gas, Liquid, and Column Chromatography)
• Distillation
• Extraction
• Filtration
• Centrifugation

High-Yield MCAT Lab Separation Techniques

Chromatography

Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences in their affinity for a stationary phase (solid or liquid that doesn’t move) and a mobile phase (liquid or gas that moves through the stationary phase). There are various forms of chromatography. However, you should be familiar with at least the following four types.

1. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Principle: TLC is used to separate compounds based on polarity. It involves a stationary phase (usually a polar silica gel) and a mobile phase (a nonpolar solvent). Compounds travel up the stationary phase, and their movement depends on their polarity. Polar compounds interact more with the stationary phase, while nonpolar compounds travel farther with the mobile phase because they interact less with the stationary phase.

MCAT Application: You might be asked to analyze a TLC plate and determine which compound is more polar based on the distance traveled. Calculating Rf values (the ratio of the distance traveled by a compound to the distance traveled by the solvent front) is a common question type.

2. Gas Chromatography (GC)

Principle: This method separates volatile compounds based on boiling point and polarity. A sample is vaporized and carried by an inert gas (the mobile phase) through a column packed with a stationary phase. Compounds with lower boiling points or less interaction with the stationary phase travel faster.

MCAT Application: You could be asked to interpret a gas chromatogram or predict the order in which compounds will elute based on their boiling points and molecular weights.

3. Liquid Chromatography (LC) / High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Principle: LC and HPLC separate compounds in the liquid phase. HPLC, in particular, uses high pressure to push the mobile phase through a column, which provides faster and more precise separation. Compounds are separated based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases.

MCAT Application: Expect questions on comparing retention times of compounds or understanding the role of different types of stationary phases in separation (e.g., reverse-phase HPLC, where the stationary phase is nonpolar, and polar compounds elute faster).

4. Column Chromatography

Principle: Similar to TLC, but used for larger-scale separations, column chromatography separates compounds based on polarity. The stationary phase (silica or alumina) is packed in a column, and the mobile phase (a solvent) carries the compounds through the column.

MCAT Application: You may be asked to rank compounds in terms of elution order based on their polarity or predict how changing the solvent system might affect separation efficiency.

Distillation

Distillation is used to separate liquids based on differences in their boiling points.

1. Simple Distillation

Principle: In simple distillation, a mixture of liquids is heated, and the more volatile (lower boiling point) component vaporizes first. The vapor is condensed and collected in a separate container.

MCAT Application: Simple distillation is best for separating compounds with large differences in boiling points (generally > 25°C). You may encounter a question asking when to use simple distillation vs. fractional distillation.

2. Fractional Distillation

Principle: This method is used for separating liquids with closer boiling points. A fractional column is added to increase the efficiency of separation, allowing for multiple vaporization-condensation cycles.

MCAT Application: You could be asked to compare fractional and simple distillation or explain the use of a fractional column to improve separation.

Extraction

Extraction is a technique used to separate compounds based on their solubility in different immiscible (incapable of being mixed together) solvents (usually an aqueous and an organic phase).

Principle: Compounds are separated by shaking them in a separatory funnel with two immiscible solvents. The compound will distribute itself between the two solvents based on its solubility in each.

MCAT Application: You might be asked to identify which solvent a particular compound will dissolve in (e.g., polar compounds dissolve in water, nonpolar compounds dissolve in organic solvents) or to perform acid-base extractions where acidic or basic compounds are extracted into the aqueous phase after protonation or deprotonation.

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

Filtration

Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids.

Principle: In gravity filtration, the mixture is poured through a filter paper, where the solid remains on the filter, and the liquid passes through. Vacuum filtration speeds up the process by using reduced pressure.

MCAT Application: Expect straightforward questions where you need to choose the appropriate filtration technique or explain the role of vacuum filtration in improving efficiency.

Centrifugation

Centrifugation is used to separate components in a mixture based on density.

Principle: A sample is spun at high speeds, creating a force that causes heavier components to sediment at the bottom while lighter ones remain in the supernatant.

MCAT Application: Questions may involve interpreting a centrifugation experiment or identifying factors that influence the efficiency of separation (e.g., speed of centrifugation, size, and density of particles).

Final Thoughts

Understanding these MCAT lab techniques is crucial for success. Be sure to memorize how each technique works, as well as understand the underlying principles. Practice interpreting experimental data, visualizing chromatograms, and predicting how changes in experimental conditions could affect the outcome. Mastery of these topics can significantly improve your performance in the MCAT’s experimental passages. It also makes it easier to parse apart the methods sections in the experimental passages you read. 

If you need more help with MCAT Chem/Phys and Bio/Biochem sections or any other MCAT topics, our experts are here to help! Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Get started with a free MCAT diagnostic, one free practice exam, and tons more MCAT prep resources.

I’ve ranted plenty of times about what constitutes “high yield” vs. “low yield” MCAT topics. I don’t like these classifications because they encourage us to skip things that aren’t considered “high yield” for the sake of efficiency. While usually, yes, that is the way to go if we’re in a time crunch, it sometimes comes back and hurts us more than helps. 

Case in point: the MCAT right-hand rule in Physics. 

Arguably, the right-hand rule is a “low-yield” topic. On a single exam, you’ll probably only see a handful of points that are directly related to the right-hand rule, if you even see any questions about it at all! So, why am I making such a big deal out of such a “low-yield” topic? 

Because it’s fast, easy to memorize, and can directly result in points earned (or missed) on your exam. On the off chance that you DO see a few questions about it, you should be able to quickly snag some free points and pad that MCAT Chem/Phys score, rather than stress and waste time in an already anxiety-inducing section. 

What is the Right-Hand Rule?

The right-hand rule is a mnemonic device used to determine the direction of a magnetic field, force, or current. It provides a way to visualize how these elements interact in electromagnetic systems, which is crucial for solving these types of problems on the MCAT.

It’s also hilarious to watch other people in your testing center using the right-hand rule in real-time, so that’s a plus.

Understanding Magnetism and Its Relationship With Electricity

At its core, magnetism is a force that arises due to the motion of charges. Electromagnetism, the interplay between electricity and magnetism, is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. When an electric current flows through a conductor, it generates a magnetic field around it. This principle is the foundation for technologies such as electric motors and generators.

Applying the Right-Hand Rule in MCAT Scenarios

First things first, the right-hand rule always uses your right hand. Never your left. I cannot stress this enough. It’s named after it and everything. It’s also important to note that there are two separate versions of the Right-Hand Rule. Both versions are correct, they’re just used in different situations. Below we’ll cover how, and when, to use each version.

Charged Particles Moving in Magnetic Fields

The first version of the right-hand rule is a valuable tool for determining the direction of the magnetic force on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field. This rule helps visualize the interaction between the particle’s velocity, the magnetic field, and the resulting force.

Hand Positioning

First, you’re going to want to extend all the digits on your right hand straight out. Your four fingers should be parallel to each other, and your thumb should be perpendicular to the rest of your fingers. Imagine you’re going to give someone a high-five, a hand-shake, or you’re about to tell someone to “talk to the hand”.

Congratulations! You’ve successfully mastered the first right-hand rule for the MCAT. This pose, with your palm flattened and your fingers extended, is all you need to get points on the exam (told you it was easy). 

Once you’re holding your hand in the proper position, apply the following variables to your digits.

Magnetic Force Right-Hand Rule: Key Variables

• Thumb: Represents the velocity (v) of a positively charged (+) particle. Point your thumb in the direction the particle is moving. If the particle isn’t moving, there is no resulting magnetic force!

• Fingers: Point in the direction of the magnetic field (B). This is the direction in which the magnetic field lines are oriented.

• Palm of Your Hand: The direction the palm of your hand is facing indicates the direction of the magnetic force (F) acting on the particle, perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field. 

Example

Scenario: A proton (positive charge) is moving vertically “up” through a magnetic field directed horizontally, from right to left.

• Thumb: Point up (direction of proton’s velocity).

• Fingers: Point from right toward the left (direction of the magnetic field).

• Palm: Will naturally point towards your chest, showing the direction of the force acting on the proton. The MCAT will say this direction is coming “out of the page”, because you can imagine the force coming out of the computer screen towards you.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Using the Wrong Hand: Always use your right hand. Using the left hand will give you the opposite direction.

• Misaligning Fingers: Ensure your fingers are parallel to each other, while your thumb is perpendicular to accurately represent the directions.

• Forgetting Charge Type: Remember, the rule directly applies to positive charges (+). For negative charges, reverse the direction of the force indicated by the palm of your hand.

Sign up to get expert tips and exclusive invites to free MCAT classes and medical school admissions workshops!

Current-Carrying Wires in Fields

The second version of the MCAT right-hand rule is used when visualizing the direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire. This simple technique helps you understand how the magnetic field lines are oriented relative to the flow of electric current.

Hand Positioning

For this version of the right-hand rule, all you have to do is give a “thumbs up”. That’s it!

Current Carrying Wire: Key Variables

• Thumb: Points in the direction of the conventional current flow (from positive to negative). This represents the direction in which the electric current is moving through the wire.

• Curled Fingers: Wrap your fingers around your thumb (representing the wire). The direction in which your fingers curl represents the magnetic field lines encircling the wire.

Example

Scenario: Consider a vertical wire with current flowing upwards.

• Thumb: Point upwards, representing the direction of the current.

• Curled Fingers: Curl your fingers around the wire. They will naturally wrap in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from above, indicating the direction of the magnetic field lines around the wire.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Using the Wrong Hand: Always use your right hand. Using the left hand will give you the opposite direction of the magnetic field lines.

• Incorrect Thumb Direction: Ensure your thumb is aligned with the direction of the current flow to accurately determine the magnetic field direction.

• Misunderstanding Current Direction: Remember, the rule applies to conventional current direction (positive to negative), not electron flow (negative to positive).

Final Thoughts

As you prepare for the MCAT, don’t dismiss the right-hand rule as just another low-yield topic destined for the dusty corners of your study notes. Sure, you may not be calculating magnetic forces or untangling current-carrying wires daily as a future doctor, but mastering this nifty trick can unlock the door to understanding trickier concepts in physics (not to mention net you some pretty quick and easy points in the MCAT Chem/Phys section). 

Think of it as the secret handshake to the club of electromagnetism. Plus, isn’t it comforting to know that if you ever find yourself in a bizarre situation where you need to direct a magnetic field with just your bare hands, you’ll be totally prepared?

You got this, keep up the hard work, and remember to keep those right hands ready and your minds open!

If you need more help with MCAT physics or any other MCAT topics, our experts are here to help! Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Get started with a free MCAT diagnostic, one free practice exam, and tons more MCAT prep resources.

As anyone who is currently prepping for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) knows, this isn’t your typical undergraduate exam. The MCAT won’t reward you for memorizing your content and equations. Actually, it expects it. And there are quite a few MCAT equations to memorize.

As an MCAT instructor with years of experience helping students, I’ve seen the difference a solid grasp of foundational equations can make. The MCAT is a daunting challenge. However, with the right preparation and understanding of key concepts, success is possible.

We’ve all heard that the MCAT is a critical thinking exam, first and foremost. Concepts over content. Logical reasoning is everything. Etc.

Therefore, it’s almost impossible to critically think your way to those upper percentile MCAT scores if we don’t have the basics memorized. So, with that in mind, we’ve put together some of the bigger fish in this sea of knowledge that you’ll want to have down pat. 

Remember, these equations are not just tools for solving problems; they are the language through which we understand the world around us!

MCAT Equations to Memorize

General Chemistry MCAT Equations

The chemistry section tests your understanding of basic chemical principles and their applications to biological systems. Expect a range of questions from straightforward concept checks to complex problems requiring deep analytical thinking and application of knowledge across several disciplines.Understanding and memorizing key chemistry equations are crucial for this section. Here’s a comprehensive guide to the essential formulas covering acid-base reactions, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and kinetics, along with practical tips for mastering these concepts.

Acid-Base Reactions Formulas

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

• Application: This equation is fundamental for calculating the pH of buffer solutions and understanding the buffering capacity of blood in physiological conditions.
• Example: Predicting how the blood pH changes in response to metabolic activities.

Concentrations Formulas

Molarity (Concentration of Solution): M = mol / L

• Where M is molarity, mol is the number of moles of solute, and L is the volume of the solution in liters.

Dilution Equation: M1V1 = M2V2

• Where M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the initial solution, and M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the final solution.

Electrochemistry Formulas

Nernst Equation: E = E° – (RT/nF)ln(Q)

• Application: Calculates the cell potential of an electrochemical cell under non-standard conditions.
• Example: Understanding the electrical potential generated by neurons.

Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis: Q = nF

• Application: Relates the amount of substance produced at an electrode to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.
• Example: Calculating the amount of a substance deposited during electrolysis.

Kinetics Formulas

Rate Law: Rate = k[A]^x[B]^y

• Application: Determines the rate of a chemical reaction and how it depends on the concentration of reactants.
• Example: Predicting how quickly a medication will be metabolized.

Arrhenius Equation

• Application: Shows how the rate constant (k) changes with temperature and activation energy.
• Example: Understanding the temperature dependence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Study Strategies and Tips

• Understand, Don’t Just Memorize: Grasp the underlying principles behind each equation. Knowing why an equation is used can often help you remember how it’s used.
• Use Mnemonics: Create memorable phrases or associations to recall complex formulas. Download our free MCAT Mnemonics Handbook for over 50 different MCAT mnemonics.
• Practice with Real-Life Scenarios: Apply these equations to practical situations or problems you might encounter in a healthcare setting.
• Regular Review Sessions: Consistent review helps transfer knowledge from short-term to long-term memory.
• Practice Problems: Work on as many practice questions as you can find. Application reinforces memory and understanding.
• Group Study: Explaining concepts to peers can reinforce your own understanding and uncover any gaps in your knowledge.

Physics MCAT Equations

Physics can be a daunting section of the MCAT. However, with a solid understanding of essential concepts and principles, you can navigate this section with confidence. Let’s explore the key topics of mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, waves, and optics, and delve into the specific equations that are frequently tested on the MCAT.

Kinematics Formulas

Mechanics deals with the motion of objects and the forces that affect motion, while kinematics focuses on describing motion without considering its causes.

• Relevant Variables: Mass (m), Acceleration (a), Force (F), Velocity (v), Displacement (x), Time (t), gravitational acceleration (g).

Key Equations: 

• Kinetic Energy
  • KE = 1/2mv^2
• Potential Energy
  • U = mgh
• Newton’s Second Law
  • F = ma
• Kinematics 
  • V(final) = V(initial) + at
  • V(final)^2 = V(initial)^2 + 2ax
  • X = V(initial) + ½ at^2
  • X = Vt

Thermodynamics Formulas

Thermodynamics explores the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy in a system.

• Relevant Variables: Heat (Q), Work (W), Internal Energy (U), Entropy (S), Enthalpy (H) Temperature (T).

Gibbs Free Energy: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

• Application: It determines whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous under constant pressure and temperature.
• Example: Estimating the feasibility of biochemical reactions, such as ATP synthesis.

Heat Capacity: q = mcΔT

• Application: Used to calculate the heat absorbed or released during temperature changes.
• Example: Determining the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a solution in a calorimeter.

Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

• Where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.

Electromagnetism Formulas

Electromagnetism encompasses the study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions with matter.Relevant Variables: Electric Current (I), Voltage (V), Resistance (R), Power (P), Magnetic Field (B).Key Equations: 

• Ohm’s Law, 
  • V = IR
  • Relates voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. The power equation, (P = IV), connects power with current and voltage, indicating the rate at which electrical energy is converted into other forms.

Waves and Optics Formulas

This topic covers the behavior of waves and light, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction.Relevant Variables: Frequency (f), Wavelength ((lambda)), Speed of Light (c), Energy (E).The Planck-Einstein relation 

• E = hf
• Links the energy of a photon to its frequency, with (h) being Planck’s constant. This equation is foundational in understanding light’s particle-like behavior.

Relevant Variables: focal length (f), image distance (di), object distance (do)Thin Lens Equation

• (1/f) = (1/di) + (1/do)
• Describes the relationship between a lens’ focal length, image distance, and object distance, and can be used to calculate the image distance for either real or virtual images and for either positive on negative lenses.

Connecting the Equations

Many of these equations are interrelated. For instance, the work-energy principle in mechanics ((W = Δ KE)) can be connected to the first law of thermodynamics by considering kinetic energy as a form of internal energy. Similarly, the thin lens equation and the magnification equation are directly related through their shared variables.

Study Tips and Resources

• Conceptual Understanding: Start with a strong grasp of the concepts before memorizing equations. Understanding the underlying principles makes it easier to apply equations in various contexts.
• Flashcards: Create flashcards for each equation, including variables and units. Regular review helps reinforce memory. Access 1600+ free MCAT flashcards curated by Blueprint MCAT experts.
• Practice Problems: Apply equations to practice problems, especially those that integrate multiple concepts. This will enhance your problem-solving skills and deepen your understanding.
• Group Study: Discussing problems with peers can provide new insights and clarification of difficult concepts.
• Equation Sheets: Now that you have a better understanding of the MCAT equations to memorize, create an equation sheet that you can quickly review. Regularly test yourself on these equations and their applications. Get a free one created by Blueprint MCAT experts here.

Biology MCAT Equations

The MCAT Biology section encompasses a wide range of topics, from the molecular level in biochemistry to the systemic organization in anatomy and physiology. Biology is often more conceptual. However, certain quantitative aspects require a grasp of specific equations. Here’s a breakdown of essential equations across various biology topics, along with tips for memorization and application.

Cell Biology

Osmotic Pressure Equation: (π = iMRT)

• Function: Calculates the osmotic pressure ((Pi)) of a solution, where (i) is the van ‘t Hoff factor, (M) is molarity, (R) is the ideal gas constant, and (T) is temperature in Kelvin.
• Application: Understanding how solute concentration affects water movement across cell membranes.
• Memorization Tip: Think of “iMRT” as “I’m Right There” to remember the variables.
• Contextual Question: How does the osmotic pressure change if the molarity of the solution inside a cell increases?

Genetics Equations

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation: (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1)

• Function: Used to calculate allele frequencies in a population, where (p) and (q) represent the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles, respectively.
• Application: Predicting genetic diversity and evolution patterns in populations.
• Memorization Tip: Associate “p” and “q” with “parents” and “quitters” to distinguish between dominant and recessive.
• Contextual Question: What happens to allele frequencies if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Biochemistry Equations

Michaelis-Menten Equation for Enzyme Kinetics:

• Function: Describes how the reaction velocity (v) depends on substrate concentration [S] for enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• Application: Analyzing enzyme efficiency and inhibition.
• Memorization Tip: Visualize an enzyme (E) reaching its maximum speed (Vmax) on a highway as the substrate (S) concentration increases.
• Contextual Question: How does the addition of a competitive inhibitor affect V(max) and the Michaelis constant (Km)?

Anatomy and Physiology Equations

Cardiac Output Equation:

• Function: Determines cardiac output (CO), CO = cardiac output, VO2 = oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute, Ca = oxygen content of arterial blood, and Cv = oxygen content of mixed venous blood
• Application: Assessing heart function and blood flow.
• Memorization Tip: Remember “CO” as “Company,” and that the company’s output depends on the rate (HR) and volume (SV) of its operations.
• Contextual Question: What is the effect of increased heart rate on cardiac output, assuming stroke volume remains constant?

Study Strategies for Memorization and Application

• Analogies and Mnemonics: Create vivid associations or silly mnemonics to make abstract concepts more tangible.
• Practice Questions: Regularly test yourself with practice questions that apply these equations to real-world scenarios. This not only helps with memorization but also with understanding their applications.
• Flashcards: Use flashcards for quick, repetitive review of equations and their meanings.
• Group Study: Explaining concepts to peers can reinforce your own understanding and reveal new insights.

Final Thoughts

Understanding when and how to these MCAT equations to memorize is a crucial step in your MCAT preparation. Practice applying these equations to a variety of problems and you’ll develop a deeper comprehension of the concepts they represent.

Remember, the MCAT doesn’t just test your ability to recall information—it assesses your capacity to think critically and apply your knowledge in novel situations.

In your study sessions, focus on memorization and problem-solving. Work through practice questions and full-length exams to become comfortable with the format of the MCAT and fine-tune your strategy.

Finally, if you need any help, don’t hesitate to reach out to us! Blueprint MCAT students increase their MCAT scores by 15 points, on average.

Whether you need the flexibility of a Self-Paced Course, the instruction of a live 515+ Course, or the 1:1 attention of a private MCAT tutor, Blueprint MCAT has the MCAT prep option that works for your learning style!

Ready to start on the path toward your MCAT score increase? Get access to tons of free MCAT resources today when you create a free Blueprint MCAT account!